The Four Quadrants of Conformism

July 2020

One of the most revealing ways to classify people is by the degree
and aggressiveness of their conformism. Imagine a Cartesian coordinate
system whose horizontal axis runs from conventional-minded on the
left to independent-minded on the right, and whose vertical axis
runs from passive at the bottom to aggressive at the top. The
resulting four quadrants define four types of people. Starting in
the upper left and going counter-clockwise: aggressively
conventional-minded, passively conventional-minded, passively
independent-minded, and aggressively independent-minded.

I think that you’ll find all four types in most societies, and that
which quadrant people fall into depends more on their own personality
than the beliefs prevalent in their society.
[1]

Young children offer some of the best evidence for both points.
Anyone who’s been to primary school has seen the four types, and
the fact that school rules are so arbitrary is strong evidence that
which quadrant people fall into depends more on them than the rules.

The kids in the upper left quadrant, the aggressively conventional-minded
ones, are the tattletales. They believe not only that rules must
be obeyed, but that those who disobey them must be punished.

The kids in the lower left quadrant, the passively conventional-minded,
are the sheep. They’re careful to obey the rules, but when other
kids break them, their impulse is to worry that those kids will be
punished, not to ensure that they will.

The kids in the lower right quadrant, the passively independent-minded,
are the dreamy ones. They don’t care much about rules and probably
aren’t 100% sure what the rules even are.

And the kids in the upper right quadrant, the aggressively
independent-minded, are the naughty ones. When they see a rule,
their first impulse is to question it. Merely being told what to
do makes them inclined to do the opposite.

When measuring conformism, of course, you have to say with respect
to what, and this changes as kids get older. For younger kids it’s
the rules set by adults. But as kids get older, the source of rules
becomes their peers. So a pack of teenagers who all flout school
rules in the same way are not independent-minded; rather the opposite.

In adulthood we can recognize the four types by their distinctive
calls, much as you could recognize four species of birds. The call
of the aggressively conventional-minded is “Crush <outgroup>!” (It’s
rather alarming to see an exclamation point after a variable, but
that’s the whole problem with the aggressively conventional-minded.)
The call of the passively conventional-minded is “What will the
neighbors think?” The call of the passively independent-minded is
“To each his own.” And the call of the aggressively independent-minded
is “Eppur si muove.”

The four types are not equally common. There are more passive people
than aggressive ones, and far more conventional-minded people than
independent-minded ones. So the passively conventional-minded are
the largest group, and the aggressively independent-minded the
smallest.

Since one’s quadrant depends more on one’s personality than the
nature of the rules, most people would occupy the same quadrant
even if they’d grown up in a quite different society.

Princeton professor Robert George recently wrote:

I sometimes ask students what their position on slavery would
have been had they been white and living in the South before
abolition. Guess what? They all would have been abolitionists!
They all would have bravely spoken out against slavery, and
worked tirelessly against it.

He’s too polite to say so, but of course they wouldn’t. And indeed,
our default assumption should not merely be that his students would,
on average, have behaved the same way people did at the time, but
that the ones who are aggressively conventional-minded today would
have been aggressively conventional-minded then too. In other words,
that they’d not only not have fought against slavery, but that
they’d have been among its staunchest defenders.

I’m biased, I admit, but it seems to me that aggressively
conventional-minded people are responsible for a disproportionate
amount of the trouble in the world, and that a lot of the customs
we’ve evolved since the Enlightenment have been designed to protect
the rest of us from them. In particular, the retirement of the
concept of heresy and its replacement by the principle of freely
debating all sorts of different ideas, even ones that are currently
considered unacceptable, without any punishment for those who try
them out to see if they work.
[2]

Why do the independent-minded need to be protected, though? Because
they have all the new ideas. To be a successful scientist, for
example, it’s not enough just to be right. You have to be right
when everyone else is wrong. Conventional-minded people can’t do
that. For similar reasons, all successful startup CEOs are not
merely independent-minded, but aggressively so. So it’s no coincidence
that societies prosper only to the extent that they have customs
for keeping the conventional-minded at bay.
[3]

In the last few years, many of us have noticed that the customs
protecting free inquiry have been weakened. Some say we’re overreacting
that they haven’t been weakened very much, or that they’ve been
weakened in the service of a greater good. The latter I’ll dispose
of immediately. When the conventional-minded get the upper hand,
they always say it’s in the service of a greater good. It just
happens to be a different, incompatible greater good each time.

As for the former worry, that the independent-minded are being
oversensitive, and that free inquiry hasn’t been shut down that
much, you can’t judge that unless you are yourself independent-minded.
You can’t know how much of the space of ideas is being lopped off
unless you have them, and only the independent-minded have the ones
at the edges. Precisely because of this, they tend to be very
sensitive to changes in how freely one can explore ideas. They’re
the canaries in this coalmine.

The conventional-minded say, as they always do, that they don’t
want to shut down the discussion of all ideas, just the bad ones.

You’d think it would be obvious just from that sentence what a
dangerous game they’re playing. But I’ll spell it out. There are
two reasons why we need to be able to discuss even “bad” ideas.

The first is that any process for deciding which ideas to ban is
bound to make mistakes. All the more so because no one intelligent
wants to undertake that kind of work, so it ends up being done by
the stupid. And when a process makes a lot of mistakes, you need
to leave a margin for error. Which in this case means you need to
ban fewer ideas than you’d like to. But that’s hard for the
aggressively conventional-minded to do, partly because they enjoy
seeing people punished, as they have since they were children, and
partly because they compete with one another. Enforcers of orthodoxy
can’t allow a borderline idea to exist, because that gives other
enforcers an opportunity to one-up them in the moral purity department,
and perhaps even to turn enforcer upon them. So instead of getting
the margin for error we need, we get the opposite: a race to the
bottom in which any idea that seems at all bannable ends up being
banned.
[4]

The second reason it’s dangerous to ban the discussion of ideas is
that ideas are more closely related than they look. Which means if
you restrict the discussion of some topics, it doesn’t only affect
those topics. The restrictions propagate back into any topic that
yields implications in the forbidden ones. And that is not an edge
case. The best ideas do exactly that: they have consequences
in fields far removed from their origins. Having ideas in a world
where some ideas are banned is like playing soccer on a pitch that
has a minefield in one corner. You don’t just play the same game
you would have, but on a different shaped pitch. You play a much
more subdued game even on the ground that’s safe.

In the past, the way the independent-minded protected themselves
was to congregate in a handful of places first in courts, and
later in universities where they could to some extent make their
own rules. Places where people work with ideas tend to have customs
protecting free inquiry, for the same reason wafer fabs have powerful
air filters, or recording studios good sound insulation. For the
last couple centuries at least, when the aggressively conventional-minded
were on the rampage for whatever reason, universities were the
safest places to be.

That may not work this time though, due to the unfortunate fact
that the latest wave of intolerance began in universities. It began
in the mid 1980s, and by 2000 seemed to have died down, but it has
recently flared up again with the arrival of social media. This
seems, unfortunately, to have been an own goal by Silicon Valley.
Though the people who run Silicon Valley are almost all independent-minded,
they’ve handed the aggressively conventional-minded a tool such as
they could only have dreamed of.

On the other hand, perhaps the decline in the spirit of free inquiry
within universities is as much the symptom of the departure of the
independent-minded as the cause. People who would have become
professors 50 years ago have other options now. Now they can become
quants or start startups. You have to be independent-minded to
succeed at either of those. If these people had been professors,
they’d have put up a stiffer resistance on behalf of academic
freedom. So perhaps the picture of the independent-minded fleeing
declining universities is too gloomy. Perhaps the universities are
declining because so many have already left.
[5]

Though I’ve spent a lot of time thinking about this situation, I
can’t predict how it plays out. Could some universities reverse the
current trend and remain places where the independent-minded want
to congregate? Or will the independent-minded gradually abandon
them? I worry a lot about what we might lose if that happened.

But I’m hopeful long term. The independent-minded are good at
protecting themselves. If existing institutions are compromised,
they’ll create new ones. That may require some imagination. But
imagination is, after all, their specialty.

Notes

[1]
I realize of course that if people’s personalities vary in any
two ways, you can use them as axes and call the resulting four
quadrants personality types. So what I’m really claiming is that
the axes are orthogonal and that there’s significant variation in
both.

[2]
The aggressively conventional-minded aren’t responsible for all
the trouble in the world. Another big source of trouble is the sort
of charismatic leader who gains power by appealing to them. They
become much more dangerous when such leaders emerge.

[3]
I never worried about writing things that offended the
conventional-minded when I was running Y Combinator. If YC were a
cookie company, I’d have faced a difficult moral choice.
Conventional-minded people eat cookies too. But they don’t start
successful startups. So if I deterred them from applying to YC, the
only effect was to save us work reading applications.

[4]
There has been progress in one area: the punishments for talking
about banned ideas are less severe than in the past. There’s little
danger of being killed, at least in richer countries. The aggressively
conventional-minded are mostly satisfied with getting people fired.

[5]
Many professors are independent-minded especially in math,
the hard sciences, and engineering, where you have to be to succeed.
But students are more representative of the general population, and
thus mostly conventional-minded. So when professors and students
are in conflict, it’s not just a conflict between generations but
also between different types of people.

Thanks to Sam Altman, Trevor Blackwell, Nicholas Christakis, Patrick
Collison, Sam Gichuru, Jessica Livingston, Patrick McKenzie, Geoff
Ralston, and Harj Taggar for reading drafts of this.